Study on the Response Time of Direct Injection Systems for Variable Rate Application of Herbicides

ثبت نشده
چکیده

Study on the Response Time of Direct Injection Systems for Variable Rate Application of Herbicides Progress in the technology of weed detection using cameras combined with image processing requires improvements in spray technology. Spraying systems of current design distribute herbicides uniformly across the field. Applying the chemical agents only at locations with weeds according to the indications of a weed treatment map (off-line application) or of a weed detection system (on-line application) will reduce costs significantly and contribute to environmentally friendly crop farming. Direct injection systems inject chemical agents into the hydraulic system of the sprayer in a manner that allows the rate and type of herbicide to be varied during field operation. In direct injection systems the herbicides and the water carrier are kept in separate tanks. The herbicides are metered into the carrier and mixed with it before being discharged through the nozzle. For on-line application, the distance between the point of injection and the nozzle has to be minimized. A disadvantage of current injection systems lies in long response times, i.e. the time until the required concentration of spray solution is reached at the nozzles. Application errors occur because the flow rate of the active ingredient at the nozzles is not adjusted rapidly enough to meet the herbicide requirement at a given location in the field. This study presents results concerning the response time analysis of a direct injection system with two different locations of the injection point. The concentration development of a tracer as measured by a conductivity sensor was employed to determine lag and response times. The experiments were carried out with various carrier and tracer flow rates as well as different tubing sizes and tracer viscosities. In the case of injection of tracers into a boom section the response times were between 2.75 and 8.84 s. Under optimal conditions, the lag time can be reduced to less than 0.30 s by injecting the tracer close to a nozzle. At the regular operation speed of field sprayers (8 km/h ~ 2.2 m/s) the application rate can thus be adjusted in a distance of less than 1 m. Kurzfassung Untersuchung der Verzögerungszeit von Direkteinspritzsystemen für die teilflächenspezifische Ausbringung von Herbiziden Fortschritte in der Unkrauterkennung mittels Kameras in Kombination mit Bildverarbeitungstechniken erfordern Verbesserungen der Applikationstechnik. Aktuelle Spritzsysteme verteilen die Herbizide gleichmäßig auf dem Feld. Die Beschränkung der Anwendung von Chemikalien auf Teilflächen mit Unkrautbesatz, der auf einer Unkrautkarte verzeichnet ist (offline-Ausbringung) oder von einem Unkrauterkennungssystem angezeigt wird (online-Ausbringung), würde die Kosten deutlich senken und einen Beitrag zu einem umweltfreundlichem Pflanzenbau leisten. In Direkteinspeisungssystemen werden die Chemikalien so in das hydraulische System der Spritze eingeleitet, dass sich Art und Menge des Herbizids während des Feldbetriebs verändern lassen. Herbizide und die Trägerflüssigkeit werden in getrennten Tanks aufbewahrt. Für die Applikation werden die Herbizide in die Trägerflüssigkeit eindosiert und darin vermischt, bevor sie durch die Düse ausgestoßen werden. Für die online-Ausbringung muss der Abstand zwischen dem Einspeisungsort und der Düse möglichst klein sein. Ein Nachteil aktuell verfügbarer Einspritzsysteme liegt in ihrer langen Reaktionszeit, d.h. der Zeit, die vergeht, bis die Spritzlösung an den Düsen die erforderliche Konzentration erreicht. Ausbringungsfehler sind darauf zurückzuführen, dass sich die Fließgeschwindigkeit des Wirkstoffs an den Düsen nicht schnell genug ändert, um an einer bestimmten Stelle auf dem Feld die erforderliche Herbizidmenge zur Verfügung zu stellen. Diese Arbeit stellt die Ergebnisse von Reaktionszeitanalysen vor, die an einem Direkteinspeisungssystem mit zwei verschiedenen Einspeisungsorten durchgeführt wurden. Totund Reaktionszeiten wurden anhand des mit einem Leitfähigkeitssensor erfassten Konzentrationsverlaufs eines Indikators ermittelt. Die Versuche wurden mit verschiedenen Fließgeschwindigkeiten von Trägerflüssigkeit und Indikator sowie mit verschieden dimensionierten Rohrleitungen und mit Indikatorflüssigkeiten unterschiedlicher Viskosität durchgeführt. Bei Einspeisung des Indikators in eine Teilbreite lagen die Reaktionszeiten zwischen 2,75 und 8,84 s. Durch Einleiten des Indikators nahe an der Düse lässt sich die Totzeit unter optimalen Bedingungen auf weniger als 0,3 s verkürzen. So kann bei einer für Feldspritzen praxisüblichen Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit (8 km/h ~ 2,2 m/s) die Aufwandmenge innerhalb von weniger als einem Meter exakt angepasst werden. Acknowledgements I really appreciated all the contributions which the people at the Institute of Agricultural Engineering in Bonn and the members of DFG Research Training Group 772 (Precision Crop Protection) made to the successful completion of this study. Particular thanks are due to my doctoral supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Schulze Lammers for his excellent suggestions and comments and his outstanding support throughout my studies in Bonn and during the writing of this dissertation. I also wish to extend many thanks to my second reviewer Prof. Dr. Georg Noga for his valuable comments and suggestions. I am grateful to Dr. agr. Markus Sökefeld, Dr. agr. Oliver Schmittmann, Dr. Johannes Nieß and Ing. Jiri Vondricka for their support and valuable comments during the experimental phase. I would also like to thank all my colleagues in the workshop and the instrumentation section of the Institute for their excellent technical assistance with the experimental setup. I am very grateful to the German Research Foundation (DFG) for its financial assistance throughout my studies. Special thanks are due to my dear friend Tereza, to Frauke Beeken, Marianna Nemeth and to all my close friends for their sympathy and help. They created a pleasant environment for me in Bonn, and they are connected with a wonderful experience and memory. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my parents for their love, understanding, patience and sacrifice throughout this period of my life. I dedicate this dissertation to them.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Influence of herbicides on yield stability of winter wheat cultivars under different sowing rates

Yield variability of selected winter wheat cultivars under different sowing rate and selected application, was investigated during 2006-2008, in the Lower Silesia region (South-West Poland). Experiments with two varieties, two levels of sowing rate and seven herbicides, including untreated object were set up on the same field, using split-plot method. For evaluation of yield stability Kang'...

متن کامل

Response of Poaceous Weeds in Wheat to Post-Emergence Herbicides

Poaceous weeds are prolific and competitive in winter crops, but they are more insidious in wheat due to their similar morphology and growing requirements. Herbicides are effective and efficient tools of weed management, however, they are vulnerable to resistance, and herbicides with different modes of action might check the dominance of a particular weed flora. The current study was undertaken...

متن کامل

Direct injection of methane in advanced propulsion systems: effects of thermodynamic conditions

The direct injection of gaseous fuels involves the presence of under-expanded jets due to the high pressure-ratios and the strong gas compressibility. Understanding the physical development of such processes is essential for developing Direct Injection (DI) devices suitable for application in internal combustion engines fueled by methane or hydrogen. In this work a coupled experimental-numerica...

متن کامل

Removal of Diazinon from Aqueous Solutions in Batch Systems Using Cu-modified Sodalite zeolite: An Application of Response Surface Methodology

In this work, perlite was used as a low-cost source of Si and Al in the synthesis of sodalite zeolite using hydrothermal synthesis method. Cu2O nanoparticles were coated on a bed of sodalite zeolite and used as an adsorbent for removal of diazinon from aqueous solutions. To analyze the process, a significant variable .i.e. removal efficiency (%) of diazinon and three dependent parameters as the...

متن کامل

Evaluation of broadleaf weeds control with some post-emergence herbicides in maize (Zea mays L.) in Iran

Registered dose of herbicides may be higher than rate required for controlling weed species depending on growth stages. In order to study the effect of individual post-emergence application of 2,4-D plus MCPA and three sulfonylurea herbicides at four- to six-true leaf stage of weeds, experiments were conducted in 2011 at the greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashh...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2007